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Wednesday 27th November 2019

PureDarwin is a community project to make Darwin, the open source operating system developed by Apple Inc. that macOS is built upon, more usable by providing bootable ISOs and documentation.

The puredarwin.org homepage, showing the Hexley the Platypus mascot.

The project was founded in 2007, and is seen as the informal successor to the OpenDarwin project (which closed down in 2006). PureDarwin is a downstream project of Darwinbuild, combining the open source Darwin base with other FOSS tools (such as X.org) to produce a usable system.

The Window Maker desktop environment running in the 'PureDarwin Xmas' release from December 2008.

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A Brief History of Darwin OS

Darwin itself was originally released by Apple in November 2000. It is a fork of Rhapsody, which was the codename used for Apple's next-generation operating system after the purchase of NeXT in 1998. Darwin utilises the XNU kernel, and currently runs on modern x86-64 processors, as well as 32-bit ARM processors in the case of older iOS devices (e.g. the iPhone 5C).

Many well-known elements of macOS such as the Cocoa framework and the famous Aqua graphical user interface are not included in Darwin, and unfortunately remain closed source.

A timeline of Unix-based operating systems, showing the common ancestors between different systems. Source (Public Domain)

The PureDarwin project was founded not to create a drop-in replacement for macOS. Instead it strives to be a usable implementation of Darwin which remains faithful to Apple's open source core, but without closed source components ('Pure'). Some example use cases of PureDarwin include an Apple-compatible build environment without using official Apple hardware, or to facilitate low-level testing of the Darwin kernel, without the limitations of macOS.

PureDarwin Xmas

The first developer preview release of PureDarwin is called 'PureDarwin Xmas', and was released in December 2008 (hence the name 'Xmas'). It is based on Darwin 9, which corresponds to Mac OS X Leopard (10.5.x).

PureDarwin Xmas is a 'complete' operating system featuring a desktop environment and various GUI applications. However, as it is just a developer preview, some features such as networking and hardware support are quite limited.

PureDarwin Xmas, showing the applications xcalc, xclock, xterm and xfontsel running in the Window Maker desktop window manager.

The menu controls in the top left control which workspace is currently on show. The menu on the right hand side is the application launcher, and the buttons at the bottom show the currently running applications. You can minimise, restore and resize windows using the available controls.

PureDarwin Xmas runs Bash 3.2.17, utilises the XFree86 4.7.0 display server and uses Window Maker 0.92.0 as the desktop window manager. uname -a yields the following:

Many command-line and GUI applications come pre-installed in PureDarwin Xmas, including xedit, nano and vim. However, some applications such as Firefox and OpenOffice don't work out-of-the-box due to lack of driver support or missing files.

Each of the primary application menus, showing the various programs and tools that are available in PureDarwin Xmas.

For example, the basic word processing tool 'xedit' is available and can be used to write, save and load documents.

The 'xedit' tool with a new document being written.

The Window Maker environment can be heavily customised, and a magnification tool is included too.

The Window Maker configuration tool, with the magnifier showing a zoomed-in segment.

Networking support is very limited in PureDarwin Xmas, and unfortunately isn't supported at all when using VMware Workstation Player. This is because VMware uses an 'Intel e1000' device as the emulated ethernet controller, which requires the AppleIntel8245XEthernet.kext driver. This driver is closed source and not available for redistribution in any form.

Booting PureDarwin Xmas in VMware

PureDarwin Xmas can be run as a virtual machine or on native Intel hardware, subject to relevant driver support. VirtualBox isn't supported as it isn't possible to fully emulate the required CPU type. However, VMware and QEMU can successfully boot PureDarwin Xmas when the correct configuration is used.

Modern versions of QEMU cannot boot the original PureDarwin Xmas image, due to incompatibilities with the Apple Partition Map file system used for the bootloader. Luckily, a fixed version has been released where the original bootloader has been 'transplanted' with an alternate one, where the file system is adequately supported in QEMU (x86 MBR).

In my case, I used VMware Workstation Player, as the PureDarwin Xmas image is distributed primarily in the VMware virtual machine format.

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In order to boot PureDarwin Xmas in VMware Workstation Player, the following steps can be used:

1. Download puredarwinxmas.tar.xz from the Google Code repository. Check the download against the SHA-256 checksum 5dad4c534ec475a87e204361cd510fec511acb655484c00ff7ce8ca41cb55f86. Extract the file to yield the puredarwinxmas.vmwarevm directory.
2. Download and install the appropriate version of VMware Workstation Player for your system from the downloads page. Verify your download against the checksums provided.
3. Open VMware and import the .vmx file from the puredarwinxmas.vmwarevm directory. Keep the directory structure intact, as the configuration files in the directory are required in order to load the now-unsupported 'Mac OS Server' VM profile into VMware.
4. Boot the VM. PureDarwin Xmas will boot directly to the desktop. On modern hardware, the total boot time is around 10 seconds.

The PureDarwin Xmas VMware configuration assigns only 1 virtual CPU core and 128 MB of RAM, but this is comfortably enough to run the lightweight Window Maker desktop and multiple applications.

The PureDarwin Xmas virtual machine in the VMware library.

Interestingly, the VM profile used is 'Mac OS Server 10.5'. This isn't supported in modern versions of VMware, as full Apple operating systems can only be virtualised on official Apple hardware. However, as the VMware VM was created in a much older version of VMware (in 2008), the profile is saved in the exported configuration and can still be used for booting PureDarwin Xmas in the latest VMware releases (it will generate a warning though).

PureDarwin 17.4 Beta

At the time of writing, the latest release of PureDarwin is 17.4 Beta. This was released in 2018, and is based on Darwin 17, which corresponds to macOS High Sierra (10.13.x).

Unlike PureDarwin Xmas, the 17.4 Beta release is a more lightweight/stripped-down OS, which doesn't feature a full GUI or display server. However, it has much improved driver support for modern hardware and hypervisors, and allows for basic networking when used in specific environments.

The Bash 3.2 shell prompt in PureDarwin 17.4 Beta, showing the output of the commands hostinfo, df -h, ps aux and ifconfig.

The 17.4 Beta release runs Bash 3.2.57, and uname -a yields the following:

Booting PureDarwin 17.4 Beta in VirtualBox

Unlike PureDarwin Xmas, the 17.4 Beta release of PureDarwin can be successfully booted in modern versions of VirtualBox and QEMU if the correct settings are used. VMware cannot be used, as it doesn't support modern macOS-esque guests unless you are running on official Apple hardware.

In my case, I used VirtualBox to allow for easy configuration of the relevant settings. The following steps can be used to boot PureDarwin 17.4 Beta in VirtualBox:

1. Download pd_17_4.vmdk.xz from the PureDarwin Devs site. Check the download against the SHA-256 checksum f2bb10f2fdb309a9a4fc77083c17b5a145db132551449a01b115f470d86c317c. Extract the file to yield pd_17_4.vmdk.
2. Download and install the appropriate version of VirtualBox for your system, either from your system package manager or from the downloads page. Verify your download against the checksums provided.
3. Create a new virtual machine using type 'Mac OS X -> macOS 10.13 High Sierra (64-bit)', without an attached disk. Set the chipset mode to ICH9 and enable I/O APIC, then add an IDE controller in ICH6 mode. Attach the .vmdk virtual disk file to the IDE controller.
4. Boot the VM. PureDarwin 17.4 Beta will boot to a Bash 3.2 shell prompt. On modern hardware, the boot time is around 20 seconds.

There are some common errors that you may encounter if the virtual machine settings are not configured correctly. I have documented a couple of these below.

Still waiting for root device:

This error occurs when the root file system cannot be recognised during the boot process. This seems to be related to the fact that the root file system is a virtual file system within the VMDK image, rather than one that was created using physical hardware.

This will occur around half way through the boot process, and the error will be printed repeatedly:

PureDarwin 17.4 Beta running in VirtualBox, showing the 'Still waiting for root device' error.

In order to resolve this error, ensure that your virtual disk is using an IDE controller in ICH6 mode, and that the chipset mode is set to ICH9, as shown below:

The VirtualBox IDE disk controller settings.

The VirtualBox motherboard settings.

Once you have configured these options, PureDarwin should boot successfully.

Mach-O (i386) file has bad magic number:

This error occurs if you try to boot PureDarwin 17.4 Beta in 32-bit mode, as currently only 64-bit is supported:

PureDarwin 17.4 Beta running in VirtualBox, showing the 'bad magic number' error.

Ensure that the virtual machine type in VirtualBox is set to either 'Mac OS X -> macOS 10.13 High Sierra (64-bit)' or 'Other -> Other/Unknown (64-bit)', as shown below:

The VirtualBox general/basic settings.

Once you have done this, PureDarwin 17.4 Beta should be able to boot successfully.

Conclusion

Overall I am impressed with the PureDarwin project and have enjoyed conducting my research around it. They have achieved a lot, considering that the project is funded by community donations and run by volunteers. It definitely isn't a production-ready system, but for developers it has the potential to come in very useful.

The PureDarwin team have been able to successfully install MacPorts in PureDarwin, allowing many software packages such as Apache HTTPd, Git and even XFCE to be installed. Unfortunately this is non-trivial to achieve without strong networking support, but it shows the potential use cases of PureDarwin.

Please check out the project at www.puredarwin.org, and support their work by contributing if you are able to.

Use the Screenshot toolbar

To view the Screenshot toolbar, press these three keys together: Shift, Command, and 5. You will see onscreen controls for recording the entire screen, recording a selected portion of the screen, or capturing a still image of your screen:

Record the entire screen

1. Click in the onscreen controls. Your pointer changes to a camera .
2. Click any screen to start recording that screen, or click Record in the onscreen controls.
3. To stop recording, click in the menu bar. Or press Command-Control-Esc (Escape).
4. Use the thumbnail to trim, share, save, or take other actions.

Record a selected portion of the screen

1. Click in the onscreen controls.
2. Drag to select an area of the screen to record. To move the entire selection, drag from within the selection.
   
3. To start recording, click Record in the onscreen controls.
4. To stop recording, click in the menu bar. Or press Command-Control-Esc (Escape).
5. Use the thumbnail to trim, share, save, or take other actions.

Trim, share, and save

After you stop recording, a thumbnail of the video appears briefly in the lower-right corner of your screen.

• Take no action or swipe the thumbnail to the right and the recording is automatically saved.
• Click the thumbnail to open the recording. You can then click to trim the recording, or click to share it.
• Drag the thumbnail to move the recording to another location, such as to a document, an email, a Finder window, or the Trash.
• Control-click the thumbnail for more options. For example, you can change the save location, open the recording in an app, or delete the recording without saving it.

Change the settings

Click Options in the onscreen controls to change these settings:

• Save to: Choose where your recordings are automatically saved, such as Desktop, Documents, or Clipboard.
• Timer: Choose when to begin recording: immediately, 5 seconds, or 10 seconds after you click to record.
• Microphone: To record your voice or other audio along with your recording, choose a microphone.
• Show Floating Thumbnail: Choose whether to show the thumbnail.
• Remember Last Selection: Choose whether to default to the selections you made the last time you used this tool.
• Show Mouse Clicks: Choose whether to show a black circle around your pointer when you click in the recording.

Use QuickTime Player

1. Open QuickTime Player from your Applications folder, then choose File > New Screen Recording from the menu bar. You will then see either the onscreen controls described above or the Screen Recording window described below.
2. Before starting your recording, you can click the arrow next to to change the recording settings:
   
   • To record your voice or other audio with the screen recording, choose a microphone. To monitor that audio during recording, adjust the volume slider. If you get audio feedback, lower the volume or use headphones with a microphone.
     
   • To show a black circle around your pointer when you click, choose Show Mouse Clicks in Recording.
     
3. To start recording, click and then take one of these actions:
   • Click anywhere on the screen to begin recording the entire screen.
   • Or drag to select an area to record, then click Start Recording within that area.
4. To stop recording, click in the menu bar, or press Command-Control-Esc (Escape).
5. After you stop recording, QuickTime Player automatically opens the recording. You can now play, edit, or share the recording.

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Learn more

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• The Screenshot toolbar is available in macOS Mojave or later.
• When saving your recording automatically, your Mac uses the name ”Screen Recording date at time.mov”.
• To cancel making a recording, press the Esc key before clicking to record.
• You can open screen recordings with QuickTime Player, iMovie, and other apps that can edit or view videos.
• Some apps might not let you record their windows.
• Learn how to record the screen on your iPhone, iPad, or iPod touch.